is a deontological philosophy—it is concerned with moral duty and inherent value, not consequences or utility. The core argument, articulated by legal scholar Steven Wise and moral philosopher Tom Regan, is that animals are "subjects-of-a-life."
Modern science evaluates welfare through biological markers (stress hormones), physical health, and psychological well-being. Animal Rights (The Philosophical Approach) is a deontological philosophy—it is concerned with moral
Animal rights is the , particularly the right not to be treated as property or used as a means to human ends. The most foundational right is the right to life and the right not to suffer . is a deontological philosophy—it is concerned with moral